Survival of the avian influenza virus (H6N2) after land disposal.

Development and evaluation of DNA vaccines in chickens against a wild bird H6N2 avian influenza virus from Western Australia

Tenacity of low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses in different types of poultry litter.

To determine the risk of infection associated with exposure to low-pathogenic avian influenza (AI) virus-contaminated poultry litter, the tenacity of low pathogenic A/Ck/CA/431/00(H6N2), A/Mallard/MN/355779/00(H5N2), and A/turkey/Ohio/313053/04(H3N2) was evaluated. Viral stocks were incubated with poultry litter from commercial flocks at 25°C. Three types of poultry litter, wood shavings, shavi...

Development of a Nano-vaccine against a Wild Bird H6N2 Avian Influenza Virus

A DNA vaccine, pCAG-HAk, expressing the full-length haemagglutinin (HA) gene of avian influenza A/Eurasian coot/Western Australia/2727/1979 (H6N2) virus, together with a Kozak sequence, in a pCAGGS vector was formulated with a novel nanoparticle, Phema. Two intramuscular immunizations of layer chickens at 3-week intervals with different doses of a nano-vaccine as well as 100μg pCAG-HAk failed t...

Optimizing the process of inactivating influenza virus subtype H9N2 by formalin in the production of killed avian influenza vaccine

Avian influenza is one of the most important diseases in avian industry, which also threats human population. Thus, vaccination is necessary for controlling this viral disease. In this study, killed vaccine of avian influenza subtype H9N2 and formalin solution (for virus inactivation) were used. It is necessary to study the effect of different factors such as formalin concentration, as well as ...

The effect of the extracts of Echinacea purpurea and Sambucus nigra (black elderberry) on virus shedding in H9N2 avian influenza infected chickens

Previous studies have shown antiviral effect of Echinacea and elderberry preparations against human influenza viruses in vitro. To investigate the in vivo antiviral effect of these herbs on avian H9N2 influenza virus, amantadine and two standardized commercial extracts of Echinacea purpurea (EF) and Sambucus nigra (SAM) were used in broiler chickens infected with H9N2 strain of the virus. EF, S...